In recent years there has been some controversy regarding the value of BSE and its role in reducing mortality rates from breast cancer in women. Women at increased risk (family history, genetic link, past breast cancer) should talk with their health care provider about the benefits and limitations of starting mammography screening earlier, having additional tests (e.g., breast ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging ), or having more frequent examinations.Breast self-examination (BSE) is an option for women starting at age 20. Women should report any breast changes promptly to their health care provider.Clinical breast examination (CBE) preferably at least every 3 years for women in their 20s and 30s, and every year for women beginning at age 40.A controversial recommended change is that women at normal risk for breast cancer should begin annual screening at age 50 and stop screening at age 75. Yearly mammograms starting at age 40 and continuing for as long as a woman is in good health.Nursing Diagnosis Disturbed body image related to perceived effects of mastectomy as evidenced by verbalization of concern about appearance and feelings of loss of femininity, and refusal to view incision Encourage an attitude of realistic hope as a way of dealing with feelings of helplessness because hope is associated with better physical health.Assist the patient to grieve and work through the losses of chronic illness and disability to promote emotional and physical healing.Provide factual information concerning diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis to help decrease feelings of the unknown.
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